NASA BUDGET SERIES

The first of these was carried out that same month, sending four astronauts-three American and one Japanese-to the ISS. President Trump said the launch “makes clear the commercial space industry is the future.” The astronauts safely returned to Earth in August, and in November, NASA certified SpaceX to begin routine missions. In May 2020, SpaceX became the first private company to successfully ferry two NASA astronauts to the ISS, using its Falcon 9 rocket and attached Crew Dragon capsule. Astrophysicist Neil deGrasse Tyson believes that while private enterprises can handle routine space flight, they are unable to bear the large and unknown risks of advancing the space frontier. But critics of privatization argue that development grants and limited competition will yield scant savings. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency or the National Science Foundation by setting objectives, such as capturing an asteroid, and then giving grants to private firms. Some go further to suggest that NASA become more like the U.S. They say NASA could then focus more on missions that push scientific and exploration frontiers. Advocates of space commercialization believe private firms such as SpaceX and Orbital Sciences, both of which won contracts to ferry ISS cargo, can provide routine LEO access at a lower cost. But now NASA often privatizes operations as well. Historically, 85 to 90 percent of NASA’s budget went to private contractors-largely to design and manufacture rockets and spacecraft-while NASA maintained close oversight and operated the equipment. Such criticisms, as well as Trump’s stated desire to land astronauts on the moon during his tenure, spurred the president to boost his budget requests for the agency. leadership in space exploration could suffer. In 2010, former Apollo astronauts Neil Armstrong and Eugene Cernan warned that U.S. astronauts have had to ride Russia’s Soyuz capsule to the ISS-at a cost of up to $82 million per seat. The Obama administration also set a goal of a manned mission to orbit Mars by the mid-2030s, which would require the commitment of subsequent presidents.ĭue to the Space Shuttle’s retirement in 2011, NASA did not have the means to send astronauts into space by itself for nearly a decade.

Bush administration pushed for a return to the moon and a trip to Mars, but President Barack Obama favored an asteroid mission.

administrations have set different space goals.

NASA BUDGET SERIES

The agency has also completed a series of unmanned missions to Mars, most recently in February 2021, when it landed the Perseverance rover to search for signs that life previously existed on the planet. The Space Shuttle served NASA for thirty years (1981–2011) and helped build the International Space Station (ISS), an orbiting laboratory that has been continuously occupied by humans since 2000. NASA focused on sending astronauts into low Earth orbit (LEO) with the 1973 launch of Skylab, the first U.S. He stressed the urgency and value of this mission in a landmark speech at Rice University: “We choose to go the moon in this decade and do the other things, not because they are easy but because they are hard because that goal will serve to organize and measure the best of our energies and skills because that challenge is one that we’re willing to accept, one we are unwilling to postpone, and one we intend to win.”Īfter six successful lunar missions, NASA’s manned program pulled back to Earth, while robotic programs such as Voyager and Viking continued to explore the solar system.

Kennedy committed the United States to a lunar landing.

In May 1961-a few weeks after the Soviet Union put the first human, Yuri Gagarin, in space-President John F. Presidents have largely determined NASA’s long-term missions. scientific and engineering prowess, including the creation of NASA, a civilian space exploration agency. Eisenhower and Congress initiated measures to build U.S. In a matter of months, President Dwight D. The Soviet Union took the world by surprise in October 1957 with the launch of Sputnik, the first artificial satellite.